Treatments for the plastic repair of a broken nose are first mentioned in the Edwin Smith Papyrus,[6] a transcription of an Ancient Egyptian medical text, one of the oldest known surgical treatises, dated to the Old Kingdom from 3000 to 2500 BC.[7] Reconstructive surgery techniques were being carried out in India by 800 BC.[8]Sushruta was a physician who made important contributions to the field of plastic and cataract surgery in 6th century BC.[9] The medical works of both Sushruta and Charaka, originally in Sanskrit, were translated into the Arabic language during the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 AD.[10] The Arabic translations made their way into Europe via intermediaries.[10] In Italy, the Branca family[11] of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta.[10]
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